As it happens to some extent world over to term "Nuclear Science" Russian term Nuclear Physics (sounds: "Yadernaya fizika" - in English transliteration and "Jadernaja fisika" - in German-oriented transliteration) has rather indeterminate meaning covering such fields as Nuclear Physics proper, Particles Physics, Cosmic Rays, Accelerators and Nuclear Reactors Physics as well as Applied aspects of these fields. Sometimes it stands for only Physics of Nuclei but in general it has mentioned accumulative meaning. The last realm of meaning is used in the name of Nuclear Physics Department for brevity and tradition considerations. That's why we use in our Home Page term "Physics of Nuclei" instead of universally adopted "Nuclear Physics".
- Usage of titles
It differs considerably from West countries standards. Please, pay attention,
that:
- There are in Russia such scientific degrees (in order of arising level)
as: candidate of such and such sciencies (e.g. "candidate of physical
and mathematical sciencies" and so on, even - "...of military
sciences"; then doctor of such and such sciences; there is also title
"professor", which is an additional to doctor in case the person
achieved some necessary level in any kind of educational merits, not only
in purely educational institutes or universities.
- Usually these degrees correspond in the following way:
- candidate = Dr. or PhD.
- doctor = Professor
In item "Who's Who" as well as in other items we are forced by rather controversial practice and tradition to use the transliteration adopted in published papers and via E-mail service. In case you are interested in adequate pronunciation of the names, you may click on the "Pronunciation" button inside data file of person or object (under construction!).
- Short Comments to adequate transliteration
Avoiding fine linguistic distinctions the basic guidelines and grounds
for them look like the following:
As Slavonic Latin scripts for languages very close in phonetics to Russian
i.e. Polish, Czech and Slovak, which exist a lot of centuries, should not
be ignored we are to adopt existing in these languages transliterations
for two conflicting Russian sounds. The problem is the following one.
To read more adequate transliteration you may make use of the following short
ADEQUATE PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
|
VOWELS |
CONSONANTS |
|
a - as in "car" |
ch - as in "chat" |
|
ja - as in "yard" |
sh - as in "show" |
|
e - broad sound as in "map" |
shch - as in "sure", but pronounced more
energetically |
|
je - as in "yet" |
kh - very hard and strong "h"
|
|
i - in most cases as in "see" |
ts - as in German "zu" |
|
ju - as in "you" |
zh - as in "vision" |
|
y - more broad sound than
|
|
SEMIVOWEL |
SOFTENING SIGN |
SIGN OF ACCENT (STRESS) |
|
j - as last sound in "I", "my" |
' - placed after consonant makes it
soft |
` - placed before accented syllable (only in thorough transliteration!) |
Besides aforementioned characters (group of characters) other are pronounced
close enough to their English equivalents. See Russian alphabet in the
end of this file.
This
page is under construction. Last updated: August
8, 1996